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Diabetes mellitus Guide
Diabetes mellitus is one the greatest health
epidemics of our time, affecting nearly 1 out of
every 10 adults in the United States. The
consequences of diabetes are serious. Diabetes can
lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, or
blindness. But even with the dramatic impact of this
disease, most people know relatively little about
it.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases that share
a common characteristic: high levels of blood glucose.
Diabetes mellitus can not be cured. Diabetes mellitus
Patients have no option but to learn to live a restricted
life with regular insulin intake.
Diabetes happens
when the body cannot produce enough insulin or when
the insulin that is produced in the pancreas cannot
work adequately. When diabetes is not well controlled,
it can cause serious complications and premature death.
However, the good news is that you can control diabetes,
and we are here to help you.
What is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone secreted by your pancreas and its
function is to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin
works like a key to open the door of the cells so glucose
– the fuel you get from food - can come inside and be
converted into energy. Think of a corridor full of doors.
You need a key to unlock each door so you can put glucose
in each room. Well, insulin is that key and if it is
not produced in the right amounts or if it cannot open
the doors because it is cracked, then glucose builds
up in the blood causing your blood sugar to go up. This
is called hyperglycemia (high levels of blood glucose)
and is the common manifestation of diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes was previously called insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes. Type 1 diabetes
develops quickly, usually over a few weeks, and symptoms
are normally very obvious. Type 1 diabetes happens when
the immune system of the person, usually a child, destroys
the beta cells in the pancreas, which are responsible
for making insulin. This form of diabetes usually affects
children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes is believed
to account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may include autoimmune,
genetic, and environmental factors.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes was previously called non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. It
develops slowly and the symptoms are usually less severe
than in people with type 1 diabetes. Some people may
not notice any symptoms at all and are only diagnosed
after a routine medical check up. Type 2 diabetes affects
about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed people with diabetes.
It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder
in which the cells do not use insulin properly. There
is a state of hyperinsulinemia, that is a high production
of insulin to keep blood glucose levels controlled.
But insulin cannot work correctly on the surface of
the cells to allow glucose to enter and be used or stored.
This causes high blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes
is associated with older age, obesity, family history
of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, physical
inactivity, and race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans
and Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders are
at high risk. Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being
diagnosed in children and adolescents due to the obesity
epidemic we experience today.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes develops when a woman is diagnosed
with diabetes during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes
develops more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, and American Indians. It is also more common
among obese women and women with a family history of
diabetes. Pregnant women with diabetes must control
their blood glucose levels well to avoid complications
with the baby. Several studies have reported that after
pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational diabetes
are found to have type 2 diabetes. In addition, women
who have had gestational diabetes have a 20% to 50%
chance of developing diabetes in the next 5-10 years.
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